Le Vanneau soldat (Vanellus miles) est une espèce de vanneau trouvée en Australie. Il a colonisé la Nouvelle-Zélande dans les années 1930 et la Nouvelle-Calédonie.

Taxinomie
D'après Alan P. Peterson, cette espèce est constituée des deux sous-espèces suivantes :
Vanellus miles miles (Boddaert) 1783 vit dans le Nord de l'Australie ; il a le cou blanc et de grandes caroncules jaunes ;
Vanellus miles novaehollandiae Stephens 1819 vit dans l'Est et le Sud ; il a une bande noire à la base du cou et de plus petites caroncules.

Description
Il mesure 38 cm de long ; le corps est blanc, les ailes et le dos marron et le sommet de la tête noir. Le bec et un masque couvrant la face sont jaunes. Les deux sexes sont semblables.

Distribution

Il est endémique d'Indonésie, de Nouvelle-Guinée et d'Australie où on le trouve dans le nord, l'est et le sud.

Habitat

Il vit dans les marais, les plages et les prairies, près des points d'eau où la nourriture est abondante. On le rencontre souvent dans les zones urbaines et il a la mauvaise réputation de faire son nid sur les terrains de sport.

Alimentation

Il se nourrit d'insectes, de vers de terre et autres petits invertébrés.

Mode de vie

C'est un oiseau qui vit sur le sol. Il vit seul, en couple ou en petits groupes.

Reproduction
La reproduction se fait lorsque les circonstances sont favorables (généralement après la saison des pluies). Les deux parents construisent un nid d'herbes et de branches sur le sol où la femelle pond 3 à 5 œufs. Les parents défendent leur nid soit par la force, en plongeant sur un intrus pour l'effrayer, soit par la ruse, en feignant d'être blessé pour éloigner la menace.

Synonymes
Hoplopterus miles (Boddaert, 1783)
Lobibyx miles (Boddaert, 1783)
Lobivanellus miles (Boddaert, 1783)
Tringa miles (Boddaert, 1783)

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The Masked Lapwing (Vanellus miles), previously known as the Masked Plover and often called the Spur-winged Plover or just Plover in its native range, is a large, common and conspicuous bird native to Australia, particularly the northern and eastern parts of the continent. It spends most of its time on the ground searching for food such as insects and worms and has several distinctive calls.

Description
This species is the largest representative of the family Charadriidae, at 35 cm (14 in) and 370 g (13 oz). There are two distinct races which until recently were thought to be separate species. The Northern Australian subspecies (Vanellus miles miles) has an all-white neck and large yellow wattles with the male having a distinctive mask and larger wattles. The subspecies found in the southern and eastern states (Vanellus miles novaehollandiae), and often locally called the Spur-winged Plover, has a black neck-stripe and smaller wattles. (Note that the northern-hemisphere Spur-winged Plover is a different bird). The birds have a wide range of calls which can be heard at any time of the day or night: the warning call, a loud defending call, courtship calls, calls to its young, and others. Since this bird lives on the ground it is always alert and even though it rests it never sleeps properly.

Distribution and habitat
Masked Lapwings are most common around the edges of wetlands and in other moist, open environments, but are adaptable and can often be found in surprisingly arid areas. They can also be found on beaches and coastlines. Vanellus miles novaehollandiae spread naturally to Southland, New Zealand in the 1930s and has now spread throughout New Zealand, where it is known as the Spur-winged Plover.

Behaviour
Masked Lapwings are shy and harmless in summer and autumn but are best known for their bold nesting habits, being quite prepared to make a nest on almost any stretch of open ground, including suburban parks and gardens, school ovals, and even supermarket carparks and flat rooftops. They can be particularly dangerous at airports where their reluctance to move from their nesting area – even for large aircraft – has resulted in several bird strikes. Breeding usually happens after Winter Solstice (June 21), but sometimes before. The nesting pair defends their territory against all intruders by calling loudly, spreading their wings, and then swooping fast and low, and where necessary striking at interlopers with their feet and attacking animals on the ground with a conspicuous yellow spur on the carpal joint of the wing.The bird may also use tactics such as fiercely protecting a non-existent nest, or a distraction display of hopping on a single leg, to attract a potential predator's attention to itself and away from its real nest or its chicks after they have commenced foraging. There seems to be some significant use of language to guide chicks during a perceived dangerous situation. Long calls seem to tell the chicks to come closer to the calling bird; a single chirp every few seconds to ask them to move away. There is a much-believed but incorrect myth that the spur can inject venom. The myth may have been based on fear of the Masked Lapwing's territorial behaviour. Attacks are most vicious on other birds such as ravens, and also on cats and dogs, but once the chicks reach 60% of full size after 2–3 months, the chances of this happening decrease. Strikes are much rarer on humans since they are more aware. Sometimes the bird can damage its wing in a strike but usually survives and is flightless as the wing heals. Some Masked Lapwings, especially those that live in residential suburban areas, may never successfully breed due to increased disturbance from domestic pets, people on footpaths and cars. Commonly two birds are seen together, a male and a female which are almost identical. Many also can be seen in groups at times, especially during feeding on coastlines. The chick reaches full growth after 4 to 5 months and will often stay with the parents for 1 to 2 years resulting in family groups of 3 to 5 birds nesting in one location over the summer. The birds spend much of the time on the ground, searching for worms and insects to feed on.