FASHION MODELS
Le mannequinat est l'activité exercée par le mannequin, personne qui pose ou s'expose pour valoriser les produits de l'industrie de la mode. Les mannequins sont employés principalement pour la promotion de l'habillement, des accessoires de mode et des produits de beauté.
Histoire
Le premier mannequin pourrait être la vendeuse d'une boutique parisienne, Marie Vernet Worth. Elle devint mannequin professionnel en 1853, pour aider son mari styliste de mode, Charles Frederick Worth. Il existe plusieurs types de mannequins : les modèles de mode et haute couture et les mannequins «commerciaux». Le mannequin-cabine est le mannequin sur lequel le styliste va essayer les toiles et les prototypes des modèles qu'il est en train de créer.
Mode et haute couture
Le travail des mannequins de mode et haute couture peut être vu comme une forme d'art. Ces modèles sont photographiés par les plus grands photographes. Ils utilisent leur visage et leur corps pour exprimer les différentes émotions requises par les photographes et créateurs. Ces mannequins travaillent pour les stylistes de haute couture et de prêt-à-porter de luxe lors des défilés, participent aux éditoriaux des magazines de mode et posent pour des campagnes de publicité. Ils apparaissent notamment dans des magazines internationaux tels que Harper's Bazaar, Vogue, W, Vanity Fair ou ELLE. Ils posent pour présenter des vêtements, défilent deux fois par an pendant les défilés de couture (Semaines de la mode).
Commercial
Le travail de ces mannequins est moins prestigieux que ceux de la haute couture, il peut être néanmoins très bien rémunéré. Ces modèles apparaissent dans des films publicitaires, des magazines, des catalogues ou dépliants. Les modèles de catalogue diffèrent des standards haute couture ; afin de correspondre aux diverses tailles du prêt-à-porter, ils peuvent avoir des poids et des tailles variés. On trouve même des mannequins «grandes tailles». Il existe aussi des modèles dit «de détail», spécialisés pour leurs mains, jambes, pieds, corps, etc. pour la photographie et le cinéma.
Mensurations
«Le corps "mode" aujourd'hui, c'est une silhouette faite au moule, d'une étroitesse incroyable, avec des bras et des jambes interminables, un cou très long et une très petite tête. Il ne faut pas avoir d'os trop larges. Il y a des choses qu'on ne peut pas raboter» Karl Lagerfeld. L'association des agents (AMA) indique que les mensurations des modèles féminins doivent approcher 86-61-86, et 1,72 m de hauteur minimum. Mais les exigences de la mode ont changé et lors des derniers défilés haute couture en Europe, la taille moyenne était de 1,79 m, le tour de poitrine entre 85 cm et 90 cm, le tour de taille inférieur à 62 cm, et le tour de hanches inférieur à 90 cm, afin de correspondre aux tailles 34/36 des prototypes haute couture. De même, en haute couture, les mannequins hommes sont athlétiques et fins, plutôt que musculeux (lingerie). Avec un poids entre 65 kg et 75 kg pour une taille minimale de 1,80 m. Ces mensurations doivent être conservées afin de pouvoir mettre les vêtements de taille unique car les mannequins d'usines utilisés pour les créer ont la même largeur mais les hauteurs sont différentes. Ainsi, les top-models et les mannequins peuvent mesurer 1m50 tout comme 1m80.
Top-Model
Les «top-models» sont l'élite des mannequins, c'est-à-dire les plus demandés et les mieux payés. Il n'y a aucun standard pour la détermination du statut de top model. Le terme lui-même est en quelque sorte une invention des médias, bien qu'on puisse relever des éléments communs entre ces mannequins : ils travaillent pour des stylistes ou des maisons très réputés, tels que Chanel, Versace ou Dior, par exemple, et font les couvertures des magazines de mode dans le monde entier. Ces mannequins, généralement des femmes, profitent de leur célébrité pour signer des contrats avec de grandes marques, surtout dans le domaine très rémunérateur des produits cosmétiques, ou bien débuter des carrières d'acteur. Ils sont payés des dizaines de milliers de dollars par jour de travail, même pour des séances photo.
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A model, sometimes called a mannequin, is a person who is employed to display, advertise and promote commercial products (notably fashion clothing) or to serve as a subject of works of art. Modelling ("modeling" in American) is distinguished from other types of public performance, such as an acting, dancing or mime artist, although the boundary is not well defined. Appearing in a movie or a play is almost never considered modelling. Types of modelling include fashion, glamour, fitness, bikini, fine art, and body-part models. Models are featured in a variety of media formats including books, magazines, movies, newspapers, and TV. Models sometimes are featured in movies (Looker, Tattoo), reality television shows (America's Next Top Model, The Janice Dickinson Modeling Agency), or music videos ("Freedom! '90", "Wicked Game", "Daughters").
Modelling agency
A modelling agency is a company that represents a group of models which they call their model board. Model bookers (also called "bookers" or "agents") manage a model's career. Agents help a model find jobs, book jobs, give advice, and email or give copy books and comp cards to various clients they work with (a comp card is a selection of pictures printed on a card, a copy book is a scanned version of a models portfolio). Agents may send models to various clients and schedule modelling interviews (also called go and see or castings). A model could work without an agent but it is highly recommended for fashion/runway models. A model is employed to increase the sales of a product.
Fashion models
History
The first person described as a fashion model in Paris was Marie Vernet Worth. She was a house model in 1852, to her fashion designer husband, Charles Frederick Worth. Even after fashion photography became important, fashion models generally remained fairly anonymous and relatively poorly paid until the late 1950s, though often marrying well. The first model widely considered to have paved the way for what would become the supermodel was Lisa Fonssagrives, from the 1930s onwards, in America. The relationship between her image on over 200 Vogue covers and her name recognition led to the importance of Vogue in shaping future supermodels. Her image appeared on the cover of fashion magazines during the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s from Town & Country, Life and Vogue to the original Vanity Fair. Dorian Leigh was also very well-known after World War II. The rise of model as consistent media personalities perhaps began in the Swinging Sixties with figures like Jean Shrimpton, Twiggy, and Penelope Tree, and has continued ever since.
Runway modelling
Runway models showcase clothes from fashion designers, fashion media, and consumers. They are also called "live models" and are self employed. Runway models work in different locations, constantly traveling between those cities where fashion is well known - London, Milan, New York City, and Paris. Second-tier international fashion center cities includes Rome, Florence, Venice, Brescia, Los Angeles, Tokyo, Moscow, Saint Petersburg, et cetera. Cities where catalog work comprises the bulk of fashion packaging, merchandising and marketing work includes Miami, Los Angeles, San Fransisco, Chicago, Philadelphia, Toronto, Mexico City, Tokyo, Hamburg, London, Beijing et cetera. The demands for runway models include certain height and weight requirements. During runway shows, models have to constantly change clothes and makeup. The models turn and stand to demonstrate the garment's key features. Models also go to interviews (called "go and sees") and must keep a portfolio of their work. They go to modelling interviews to find more work. The more experience a model has, the more likely she is to be hired for a fashion show. A runway model can work in other areas, such as department store fashion shows, creating product lines, acting etc. The British Association of Model Agents (AMA) says that female models should be around 34-24-34 in and at least 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m) tall. The average model is slender and in shape. Those who do not meet the weight requirement often try for becoming a Plus-size model. The preferred dimensions for a male model is a height of at least 6 ft 0 in (183 cm), a waist of 28–32 in (71.12–81.28 cm) and a chest measurement of 36–40 in (91.44–101.60 cm). Male runway models have been noted as being skinny and well toned. Male and female models must also possess clear skin, healthy hair, and attractive facial features. Stringent weight and body proportion guidelines form a selective criteria by which established and would-be models are judged for their placement suitability, on an ongoing basis—with some variation regionally and market tier-level dependent, subject, too, to current prevailing trends at any point, in any era—by agents, agencies and end-clients. The former requirement measurements for models used to be 35.5-23.5-35.5 in (90-60-90 cm), which were the alleged measurements of Marilyn Monroe. Today's fashion models tend to have measurements closer to the AMA recommended shape. Although in some fashion centers, a size 00 is more ideal than a size 0. The often thin shape of many fashion models has been criticized for warping girls' body image and encouraging eating disorders. Organizers of a fashion show in Madrid in September 2006 turned away models who were judged to be underweight by medical personnel who were on hand. In February 2007, six months after her sister, Luisel Ramos - also a model - died, Uruguayan model Eliana Ramos became the third fashion model to die of malnutrition in six months. The second victim was Ana Carolina Reston. Luisel Ramos died of heart failure caused by anorexia nervosa just after stepping off the catwalk. In the early 21st century, runway walks became less flamboyant compared to the late 20th century, when Naomi Campbell and other supermodels were known for their distinct struts. Instead, most designers preferred a natural stroll.
Supermodels
According to Forbes and the Guinness Book, the richest model in the world is Brazilian Gisele Bündchen. Supermodels are highly paid, high profile fashion models. These (usually female) celebrities appear on top fashion magazine covers and in fashion shows. Much more importantly, in financial terms, their appearance in advertising can amount to an endorsement, attracting far greater rewards, especially when they conclude deals to advertise a brand exclusively, as "the face" of that brand.
Histoire
Le premier mannequin pourrait être la vendeuse d'une boutique parisienne, Marie Vernet Worth. Elle devint mannequin professionnel en 1853, pour aider son mari styliste de mode, Charles Frederick Worth. Il existe plusieurs types de mannequins : les modèles de mode et haute couture et les mannequins «commerciaux». Le mannequin-cabine est le mannequin sur lequel le styliste va essayer les toiles et les prototypes des modèles qu'il est en train de créer.
Mode et haute couture
Le travail des mannequins de mode et haute couture peut être vu comme une forme d'art. Ces modèles sont photographiés par les plus grands photographes. Ils utilisent leur visage et leur corps pour exprimer les différentes émotions requises par les photographes et créateurs. Ces mannequins travaillent pour les stylistes de haute couture et de prêt-à-porter de luxe lors des défilés, participent aux éditoriaux des magazines de mode et posent pour des campagnes de publicité. Ils apparaissent notamment dans des magazines internationaux tels que Harper's Bazaar, Vogue, W, Vanity Fair ou ELLE. Ils posent pour présenter des vêtements, défilent deux fois par an pendant les défilés de couture (Semaines de la mode).
Commercial
Le travail de ces mannequins est moins prestigieux que ceux de la haute couture, il peut être néanmoins très bien rémunéré. Ces modèles apparaissent dans des films publicitaires, des magazines, des catalogues ou dépliants. Les modèles de catalogue diffèrent des standards haute couture ; afin de correspondre aux diverses tailles du prêt-à-porter, ils peuvent avoir des poids et des tailles variés. On trouve même des mannequins «grandes tailles». Il existe aussi des modèles dit «de détail», spécialisés pour leurs mains, jambes, pieds, corps, etc. pour la photographie et le cinéma.
Mensurations
«Le corps "mode" aujourd'hui, c'est une silhouette faite au moule, d'une étroitesse incroyable, avec des bras et des jambes interminables, un cou très long et une très petite tête. Il ne faut pas avoir d'os trop larges. Il y a des choses qu'on ne peut pas raboter» Karl Lagerfeld. L'association des agents (AMA) indique que les mensurations des modèles féminins doivent approcher 86-61-86, et 1,72 m de hauteur minimum. Mais les exigences de la mode ont changé et lors des derniers défilés haute couture en Europe, la taille moyenne était de 1,79 m, le tour de poitrine entre 85 cm et 90 cm, le tour de taille inférieur à 62 cm, et le tour de hanches inférieur à 90 cm, afin de correspondre aux tailles 34/36 des prototypes haute couture. De même, en haute couture, les mannequins hommes sont athlétiques et fins, plutôt que musculeux (lingerie). Avec un poids entre 65 kg et 75 kg pour une taille minimale de 1,80 m. Ces mensurations doivent être conservées afin de pouvoir mettre les vêtements de taille unique car les mannequins d'usines utilisés pour les créer ont la même largeur mais les hauteurs sont différentes. Ainsi, les top-models et les mannequins peuvent mesurer 1m50 tout comme 1m80.
Top-Model
Les «top-models» sont l'élite des mannequins, c'est-à-dire les plus demandés et les mieux payés. Il n'y a aucun standard pour la détermination du statut de top model. Le terme lui-même est en quelque sorte une invention des médias, bien qu'on puisse relever des éléments communs entre ces mannequins : ils travaillent pour des stylistes ou des maisons très réputés, tels que Chanel, Versace ou Dior, par exemple, et font les couvertures des magazines de mode dans le monde entier. Ces mannequins, généralement des femmes, profitent de leur célébrité pour signer des contrats avec de grandes marques, surtout dans le domaine très rémunérateur des produits cosmétiques, ou bien débuter des carrières d'acteur. Ils sont payés des dizaines de milliers de dollars par jour de travail, même pour des séances photo.
---------------------------------------------
A model, sometimes called a mannequin, is a person who is employed to display, advertise and promote commercial products (notably fashion clothing) or to serve as a subject of works of art. Modelling ("modeling" in American) is distinguished from other types of public performance, such as an acting, dancing or mime artist, although the boundary is not well defined. Appearing in a movie or a play is almost never considered modelling. Types of modelling include fashion, glamour, fitness, bikini, fine art, and body-part models. Models are featured in a variety of media formats including books, magazines, movies, newspapers, and TV. Models sometimes are featured in movies (Looker, Tattoo), reality television shows (America's Next Top Model, The Janice Dickinson Modeling Agency), or music videos ("Freedom! '90", "Wicked Game", "Daughters").
Modelling agency
A modelling agency is a company that represents a group of models which they call their model board. Model bookers (also called "bookers" or "agents") manage a model's career. Agents help a model find jobs, book jobs, give advice, and email or give copy books and comp cards to various clients they work with (a comp card is a selection of pictures printed on a card, a copy book is a scanned version of a models portfolio). Agents may send models to various clients and schedule modelling interviews (also called go and see or castings). A model could work without an agent but it is highly recommended for fashion/runway models. A model is employed to increase the sales of a product.
Fashion models
History
The first person described as a fashion model in Paris was Marie Vernet Worth. She was a house model in 1852, to her fashion designer husband, Charles Frederick Worth. Even after fashion photography became important, fashion models generally remained fairly anonymous and relatively poorly paid until the late 1950s, though often marrying well. The first model widely considered to have paved the way for what would become the supermodel was Lisa Fonssagrives, from the 1930s onwards, in America. The relationship between her image on over 200 Vogue covers and her name recognition led to the importance of Vogue in shaping future supermodels. Her image appeared on the cover of fashion magazines during the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s from Town & Country, Life and Vogue to the original Vanity Fair. Dorian Leigh was also very well-known after World War II. The rise of model as consistent media personalities perhaps began in the Swinging Sixties with figures like Jean Shrimpton, Twiggy, and Penelope Tree, and has continued ever since.
Runway modelling
Runway models showcase clothes from fashion designers, fashion media, and consumers. They are also called "live models" and are self employed. Runway models work in different locations, constantly traveling between those cities where fashion is well known - London, Milan, New York City, and Paris. Second-tier international fashion center cities includes Rome, Florence, Venice, Brescia, Los Angeles, Tokyo, Moscow, Saint Petersburg, et cetera. Cities where catalog work comprises the bulk of fashion packaging, merchandising and marketing work includes Miami, Los Angeles, San Fransisco, Chicago, Philadelphia, Toronto, Mexico City, Tokyo, Hamburg, London, Beijing et cetera. The demands for runway models include certain height and weight requirements. During runway shows, models have to constantly change clothes and makeup. The models turn and stand to demonstrate the garment's key features. Models also go to interviews (called "go and sees") and must keep a portfolio of their work. They go to modelling interviews to find more work. The more experience a model has, the more likely she is to be hired for a fashion show. A runway model can work in other areas, such as department store fashion shows, creating product lines, acting etc. The British Association of Model Agents (AMA) says that female models should be around 34-24-34 in and at least 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m) tall. The average model is slender and in shape. Those who do not meet the weight requirement often try for becoming a Plus-size model. The preferred dimensions for a male model is a height of at least 6 ft 0 in (183 cm), a waist of 28–32 in (71.12–81.28 cm) and a chest measurement of 36–40 in (91.44–101.60 cm). Male runway models have been noted as being skinny and well toned. Male and female models must also possess clear skin, healthy hair, and attractive facial features. Stringent weight and body proportion guidelines form a selective criteria by which established and would-be models are judged for their placement suitability, on an ongoing basis—with some variation regionally and market tier-level dependent, subject, too, to current prevailing trends at any point, in any era—by agents, agencies and end-clients. The former requirement measurements for models used to be 35.5-23.5-35.5 in (90-60-90 cm), which were the alleged measurements of Marilyn Monroe. Today's fashion models tend to have measurements closer to the AMA recommended shape. Although in some fashion centers, a size 00 is more ideal than a size 0. The often thin shape of many fashion models has been criticized for warping girls' body image and encouraging eating disorders. Organizers of a fashion show in Madrid in September 2006 turned away models who were judged to be underweight by medical personnel who were on hand. In February 2007, six months after her sister, Luisel Ramos - also a model - died, Uruguayan model Eliana Ramos became the third fashion model to die of malnutrition in six months. The second victim was Ana Carolina Reston. Luisel Ramos died of heart failure caused by anorexia nervosa just after stepping off the catwalk. In the early 21st century, runway walks became less flamboyant compared to the late 20th century, when Naomi Campbell and other supermodels were known for their distinct struts. Instead, most designers preferred a natural stroll.
Supermodels
According to Forbes and the Guinness Book, the richest model in the world is Brazilian Gisele Bündchen. Supermodels are highly paid, high profile fashion models. These (usually female) celebrities appear on top fashion magazine covers and in fashion shows. Much more importantly, in financial terms, their appearance in advertising can amount to an endorsement, attracting far greater rewards, especially when they conclude deals to advertise a brand exclusively, as "the face" of that brand.