En équitation, l'éperon est un instrument qui se fixe sur la cheville du cavalier. Il s'agit d'une aide artificielle qui prolonge l'action de la jambe en la renforçant et en la rendant plus précise. L'éperon est utilisé dans chaque discipline équestre. Des règles ont été imposées concernant l'utilisation et les pénalités que l'éperon peut éventuellement attirer.

Description
Un éperon est formé de deux branches en forme de U avec une tige à sa base et maintenu par une courroie au niveau de la cheville du cavalier, sur la botte ou la chaussure. Le cavalier porte l'éperon dès qu'il a atteint un niveau permettant une fixité des jambes et dès qu'il a besoin de mobiliser les hanches du cheval au dressage. En saut d'obstacles ou en cross, l'éperon permet de maintenir l'impulsion tout en permettant de contrôler plus finement l'incurvation du cheval dans les tournants. Contrairement à une idée reçue, l'éperon est bien plus un outil de précision qu'un moyen de coercition. Sa précision et son efficacité ont fait dire à François Baucher que « l'éperon est un rasoir dans les mains d'un singe. » L'éperon est aussi utilisé par le chevalier et en monte américaine. Dans ce dernier cas, on l'utilise aussi comme outil de précision par exemple pour le reining et la plaisance western, où les figures demandent de la précision. Le préjugé selon lequel on utilise l'éperon à des fins correctives est faux.

Forme
Il existe différentes formes d'éperon. La longueur et la forme de la tige déterminent son action ainsi que la présence d'une molette à dents ou d'une molette lisse. Pour un éperon classique la tige est généralement de 20 ou 35 mm. Les tiges des éperons américains pour l'équitation Western sont souvent plus longues. En fait, plus le cavalier chausse long et plus ses pieds, de par leur position plus basse, se retrouvent loin du corps du cheval. Aussi, pour conserver un contact fin, il est plus approprié de s'équiper avec des éperons à longues tiges. La molette est une rondelle métallique tournant librement autour d'un axe au niveau de la tige de l'éperon. Elle peut être lisse ou dentée. Les molettes lisses adoucissent l'action de l'éperon en permettant à celui-ci de glisser sur le poil en cas d'action mal dosée. Plus la molette lisse est grosse et plus elle adoucit l'action. La molette à dents dose légèrement ou durcit l'action des jambes en fonction de la longueur et de la finesse des dents ainsi que de la taille de la molette.

Modèles
Il existe de nombreux modèles d'éperons sur le marché mondial. Certains sont adaptés à un sport équestre particulier d'autre sont plus « génériques ». D'une façon très générale, le choix des éperons dépend de trois facteurs principaux : la discipline pratiquée, le tempérament du cheval et le niveau du cavalier (fixité des jambes).
* Discipline pratiquée : plus la discipline exige de chausser court, plus les tiges d'éperons sont courtes.
* Tempérament du cheval : plus le cheval est sensible et réactif aux actions de jambes, plus l'effet des éperons devra être dosé. L'éperon le plus doux est celui à grosse molette lisse.
* Niveau du cavalier : plus le cavalier est débutant, plus ses éperons doivent être doux avec une tige courte.

Types
Éperon à bouts ronds : éperon court dont la tige se termine par une boule.Ce type d'éperon est plus adapté pour les cavaliers qui commence à monter avec des éperons mais aussi avec un jeune et/ou sensible cheval. Éperon col de cygne : éperon dont la tige remonte verticalement puis s'oriente progressivement vers l'horizontale à son bout, donnant à la tige une forme de cou de cygne. Cette forme est utile aux cavaliers aux longues jambes qui pratiquent une équitation nécessitant de chausser long (dressage, équitation Western, etc.). Éperon marteau : éperon à longue tige dont le bout est évasé pour augmenter la surface de contact avec le corps du cheval. S'il est employé en équitation de saut d'obstacles, il exige une fixité sans faille de la jambe, notamment pendant le saut. Éperon Pessoa : éperon de toutes formes dont les branches sont recouvertes de caoutchouc et dont les passants de courroies sont en forme de "S" pour limiter le déréglage de la longueur1. L'illustration ci-dessous montre un éperon Pessoa muni d'une tige courte avec une grosse molette lisse. Ce type d'éperon est particulièrement adapté au saut d'obstacles et au cross pour les chevaux chauds et sensibles. Éperon prince de Galles : éperon de 20 ou 35 mm. La tige est légèrement inclinée vers le bas et son bout possède des formes variées selon l'effet plus ou moins « attaquant » recherché. Éperon Schultheis : éperon à longue tige et à molette dentée dont les pointes des dents sont arrondies pour un meilleur dosage de l'action.

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A spur is a metal tool designed to be worn in pairs on the heels of riding boots for the purpose of directing a horse to move forward or laterally while riding. It is usually used to refine the riding aids (commands) and to back up the natural aids (the leg, seat, hands and voice). The spur is used in every equestrian discipline. There are rules in most equestrian organizations about spur design, use and penalties for using spurs in any manner that constitutes animal abuse.

Etymology
The very old word derives from Anglo-Saxon spura, spora, related to spornan, spurnan, to kick, spurn; cf. Medieval High German Sporn, modern German Sporn, Dutch spoor, Frisian spoar. The generalized sense of "anything that urges on, stimulus" is recorded in English from circa 1390.

Design
The parts of a spur include:
* The yoke, branch, or heel band, which wraps around the heel of the boot.
* The shank or neck, which extends from the back of the heel band and is the area that usually touches the horse
* The rowel, seen on some spurs, a small revolving wheel or disk with radiating points at the end attached to the shank.

Spurs are usually held on by a leather or leather-like strap, called a spur strap, that goes over the arch of the foot and under the sole in front of the boot heel. Some western designs have a leather strap that goes only over the top, with a heel chain or a rubber "tiedown" instead of a strap under the boot. There are also styles with no straps where the heel band simply is very tight and slips on wedged between the sole and heel of the boot. Some spur designs have a slot for running the spur strap through, others have "buttons," sometimes on the heel band itself and sometimes attached to the heel band by hinges, that allow a strap with buttonholes to be attached. When used in military ranks, senior officers, and officers of all ranks in cavalry and other formerly mounted units of some armies, wear a form of spur in certain orders of dress which is known as the box spur, having no spur strap but a long metal prong opposite the neck, extending between the arms of the heel band, which is inserted into a specially fitted recess or "box" in the base of the boot heel. Due to the prong, such spurs can only be worn with appropriately equipped boots. This construction is shown in the illustrations of the swan neck and waterford spurs below. Spurs seen in western riding may also have small curved-up hooks on the shank in front of the rowel, called "chap guards," that were originally used to prevent the rider's chaps from interfering with the rowels of the spur. Some cowboys also added small metal Pajados, also known as Jingo Bobs or Jingle Bobs, near the rowel, to create a jingling sound whenever the foot moved. In the history of veterinary science, the word "rowel" described a small disk of leather or other material that was used as a seton stitch.

History
The spur was used by the Celts during the La Tène period (which began in the 5th century BC), and is also mentioned by Xenophon (c. 430 - 354 BC.) Iron or bronze spurs were also used throughout the Roman Empire. The spur also existed in the medieval Arab world. Early spurs had a neck that ended in a point, called a prick, riveted to the heel band. Prick spurs had straight necks in the 11th century and bent ones in the 12th. The earliest form of the horseman's spur armed the heel with a single prick. In England, the rowel spur is shown upon the first seal of Henry III and on monuments of the 13th century, but it does not come into general use until the 14th century. The earliest rowels probably did not revolve but were fixed. The spurs of medieval knights were gilt and those of squires were silvered. "To win his spurs" meant to gain knighthood, as gilded spurs were reckoned the badge of knighthood. In the rare cases of ceremonious degradation, they were hacked from the knights heels by the cooks chopper. After the battle of the Golden Spurs in 1302 where the French chivalry suffered a humbling defeat, the victors hung up bushels of knights' gilt spurs in the churches of Kortrijk as trophies of what is still remembered by the Flemings as the Guldensporenslag (the battle of the golden spurs). For another reason the English named the French route beside Thérouanne as the Battle of Spurs. Prick spurs were the standard form until the 14th century, when the rowel began to become more common. The prick design never died out entirely, but instead became a thicker, shorter neck with a dulled end, such as the modern "Prince of Wales" design commonly seen in English riding. Though often decorated throughout history, in the 15th century, spurs became an art form in both decoration and design, with elaborate engraving, very long shanks and large rowels. Though sometimes it has been claimed that the design changes were used because of barding, the use of barding had fallen out of fashion by the time the most elaborate spur designs were created. More likely, the elaborate designs reflected the increased abundance of precious metals, particularly silver, that followed the European exploration of the Americas that began in 1492. Spur designs in Spain and colonial Mexico were particularly elaborate. For example, the spurs of the Spanish Conquistadors were sometimes called Espuela Grande, the "Grand Spur," and could have rowels as large as six inches around. In northern Europe, the spur became less elaborate after the 16th century, particularly following the Stuart Restoration, but elaborate spur designs persisted, particularly in the Americas, descendants of which are still seen today, particularly in Mexico and the western United States, where the spur has become an integral part of the vaquero and cowboy traditions. The spur as an art form as well as a tool is still seen in western riding, where spurs with engraving and other artistic elements, often handmade and utilizing silver or other precious metals are still worn. Collecting of particularly beautiful antique spurs is a popular pastime for some individuals, particularly aficionados of western history and cowboy culture.
Spurs as modern honours : Just as a medieval knight was said to have "earned his spurs," the awarding of spurs has continued in the modern era as an honour bestowed upon individuals in organizations with military heritages, and among motorcycle riders. Members of the Papal Orders of Chivalry receive gilt spurs directly from the hands of the Pope; members of the British Order of the Garter similarly receive gilt spurs from the Monarch. Inductees into the American Order of the Spur receive gold-coloured (usually brass) spurs if they have earned their membership through combat, or silver-coloured (usually nickel) spurs if they have not seen combat, but complete a rite of passage.

Basic designs and wear
Spurs are worn with the tip of the neck pointed downward, sitting on the spur rest of the riding boot, if there is one, with the buckle of the spur strap worn on the outside of the foot. Spur styles differ between disciplines. Spurs for western riding tend to be heavier, often decorated, and have rowels that rotate. The neck of western spurs is usually longer and the rowel wide in diameter, to accommodate the leg position of the Western-style rider, where the stirrup is adjusted long, and the heavy leather used for the saddle's fenders and stirrups places the rider's leg a bit farther from the horse. Spurs in English riding tend to use a spur that is very sleek, slim and conservative in design, with a shorter neck, as the saddle and leg position is closer to the horse. They usually have a rounded or blunt end. Rowels are not as popular as the plain blunt end, although there are types that include a rowel or smooth disk on the end. When used in sports requiring finesse, such as dressage, the spur's purpose is not to speed up a horse, but to give accurate and precise aids in lateral and complex movements, such as pirouettes, travers and renvers, and the airs above the ground. Dressage riders tend to ride in "Waterford" style spurs with a rounded knob at the end. Conversely, show hunter and jumper riders may use a flatter end to encourage forward movement, such as the Prince of Wales design. In addition to equestrian use, another type of modern spurs are motorcycle spurs. They are characterized by rowels worn as foot jewelry, hung off of boots. They can be similar in appearance to spurs worn by equestrians. Their bright material attracts motor vehicle drivers to the presence of motorcyclists, especially to their feet where riders are most vulnerable when stopped in traffic. Their owners may further customize them by adding miniature strobing LED lights.

Equestrian riding technique
The spur is a refined tool, designed to allow the rider to transmit very subtle signals to the horse that are nearly invisible to any other observer. No matter the discipline, it is important that a rider has a correct position before using spurs, with a deep seat, legs lengthened to the extent allowed by the stirrups, heels down, with knees and thighs rolled in so that the rider has a solid base of support. A swinging or unstable leg may inadvertently jab the horse with the spur as the rider sits, thus irritating, distracting, or frightening the animal, and chronic misuse may deaden the horse to the leg aids. Improper use may also provoke dangerous or undesirable behaviors such as bucking or running away. Spurs are rarely used in sports such as horse racing, where the rider's leg is not significantly in contact with the horse. Most spurs are activated by the rider flexing the heel slightly up and in. A roweled spur permits an additional type of action; a rider can roll the spur lightly against the side of the horse rather than being limited to simply pressing inward.

Rodeo spurring
The exception to the use of spurs in a subtle fashion is in the rodeo events of bull riding, saddle bronc and bareback riding, where the rider is required to spur in an elaborate, stylized fashion, touching the horse or bull at every stride. This requirement is designed to resemble the behavior of old-time horse-breakers who would deliberately provoke a horse to buck. In modern times, riders are required to use spurs in a manner that is merely encouraging an animal that is already predisposed to buck; they are not to produce pain. Spur design and use is strictly defined by rodeo rules, spurs are dull and rowels must turn freely. In fact, the way spurs are to be used in bucking events generally makes it harder for the rider to stay on: in bareback bronc competition, the spurs must be above the point of the horse's shoulder at the first jump and remain forward at all times, deliberately creating a very awkward position for the rider that requires both strength and coordination to stay on the horse. In saddle bronc competition, the rider must make a full sweep with the spurs from shoulder to flank with each jump, requiring great concentration and any error in balance putting the rider in a position to be quickly unseated. Bull riders are allowed a position that is the closest to that of classic equestrianism, they are not required to spur the bull, but if they choose to spur, may do so with their legs down in a style that approaches a normal riding position.

Types of spurs
Spurs are divided into Men's, Women's, and Children's, according to width (which must fit on the heel of the rider's boot). Spurs are further divided into length of the neck, with 1/4" being relatively small (and a common size in children's spurs), with some being 2-3" long. Many competition rules limit the length of the neck.
Round end: end is a metal ball about the size of a small marble, making it one of the milder spurs
Knob end: end of the spur is squared off but blunted at the edges
Prince of Wales: has a flat end, making is slightly sharper. This is a popular spur.
Rowelled spur: the end of the spur has a toothed wheel which spins. This is the most common western-style spur, although it is seen on some English-style spurs. Teeth are dulled at the points. A rowel with many small teeth is milder than one with only a few, larger teeth. Most rowels have at least eight teeth on each wheel. Other variations, more common in English riding, include:
* Disc: the end has a small rowel-like rolling disc without teeth, which allows the spur to roll on the horse's side when applied, decreasing chance of spur marks. Popular in dressage. Severity depends on thickness of disc.
* Roller spur: end of the neck has a plastic "roller," which moves as the horse's side is touched. This spur tends to reduce spur-rubs on sensitive horses. It is considered very mild.
Swan-neck: the neck of the spur goes upward at an angle, before leveling off, looking similar to the neck of a swan. This is commonly seen in dressage.
Waterford: the end of the neck has a large, round metal ball, making the spur softer and less likely to cause spur rubs.
Le spur (English) or Barrel Racing Spur (Western): a spur with small "teeth" or ridges on the inside of the heel band, instead of a neck. For use, the rider does not have to turn in the heel. A quicker and more subtle design, but also more apt to be accidentally used when not intended.
Half Mounted: The spur is decorated on one side only with silver, copper or bronze decals, logos or coverings.
Full or Double Mounted: The spur is decorated on both sides (in and out) with precious metals, images and designs.